Process for dehumidifying moist gas mixtures

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a process for dehumidifying a moist gas mixture. The invention further relates to an apparatus for dehumidifying a moist gas mixture and to the use of said apparatus in the process according to the invention.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority under 35 USC § 119 to German application, DE 10 2016 210 484.5, filed on Jun. 14, 2016, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a process for dehumidifying a moist gas mixture. The invention further relates to an apparatus for dehumidifying a moist gas mixture and to the use of said apparatus in the process according to the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Dehumidification of moist gas mixtures is necessary in a multitude of technical fields. For instance, ventilation and air conditioning of buildings or vehicles generally necessitates not only cooling but also dehumidification of the air since the air to be cooled is often so humid that during cooling to the desired temperature the temperature falls below the dew point temperature. Hence in conventional air conditioning systems dehumidification of the air accounts for a large part of the electricity consumption.

The electricity consumption of air conditioning systems for buildings is reduced by dehumidifying the air by adsorption or absorption of water with a drying medium and subsequently regenerating the water-laden drying medium by heating to a temperature at which the water is desorbed again. Compared to adsorption on a solid adsorbent, the advantage of absorption in a liquid absorption medium is that air dehumidification can be carried out with reduced equipment complexity and with less drying medium and that regeneration of the water-laden drying medium using solar heat is easier to carry out.

A further technical field where dehumidifying of moist gas mixtures is employed is the field of absorption chillers (also known as “absorption heat pump”, principle described in WO 2014/079675 A1). Here, the moist gas mixture is formed during evaporation of water under low pressure. The water vapour thus formed needs to be removed from the moist gas mixture so that said mixture may then be returned to the water evaporation to pass through a new cycle. Here too, absorption in a liquid absorption medium is favoured over adsorption on a solid adsorption medium.

Finally, dehumidification of moist gas mixtures is important in the field of natural gas extraction, as described in DE 10 2010 004 779 A1.

Examples of the materials typically incorporated in air or natural gas dehumidifying plants and in chillers include titanium, copper and noble metals.

The aqueous solutions of lithium bromide, lithium chloride or calcium chloride hitherto employed as liquid absorption media in commercial air conditioning systems have the disadvantage that they are corrosive towards the metallic materials of construction typically employed in air conditioning systems and that they thus necessitate the use of expensive special materials of construction. This problem is also encountered with steel and stainless steel. These solutions can additionally cause problems due to salt crystallizing out of the absorption medium.

Y. Luo et al., Appl. Thermal Eng. 31 (2011) 2772-2777 proposes using the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate in place of aqueous solutions of lithium bromide for air dehumidification. However, this ionic liquid has the disadvantage of only poor absorption capability.

Y. Luo et al., Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2718-2724 proposes the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethyimidazolium acetate as an alternative to 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate for air dehumidification. However, 1,3-dimethyimidazolium acetate is not stable and decomposes to a not inconsiderable extent during desorption.

This problem is also encountered for the ionic liquids proposed in US 2011/0247494 A1, paragraph [0145]. This document proposes using trimethylammonium acetate or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as liquid drying agent in place of aqueous lithium chloride solution. Example 3 compares water uptake from humid air for a series of further ionic liquids.

CN 102335545 A describes aqueous solutions of ionic liquids that do not suffer from the abovementioned problems as absorption media for air dehumidification. CN 102335545 A chiefly describes steel-based air dehumidifiers. Ionic liquids described are, inter alia, 1,3-dimethyimidazolium dimethyl phosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate. The absorption media are reported to be noncorrosive toward steel. However, heat transfer, which is important for efficient air dehumidification, is relatively low with the ionic liquids cited in CN 102335545 A in steel-based apparatuses.

Yet, heat transfer is an important parameter which must be accounted for when choosing absorption media. Thus, in the field of air dehumidification absorption media which ensure a particularly good heat transfer between themselves and further constituents of an air dehumidifier are particularly readily employable. In air dehumidifiers in which metallic components (for example steel) are employed this heat transfer takes place at least partially between the absorption media and metallic surfaces.

The present invention accordingly has for its object the provision of absorption media that ensure better heat transfer than prior art absorption media when used in steel-based air conditioning systems, air dehumidifiers, absorption chillers etc. Absorption media which achieve this object have now surprisingly been found.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the apparatus V2/V1 according to the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates an absorption chiller into which an apparatus V2 is integrated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention accordingly relates in a first aspect to a process for dehumidifying a moist gas mixture G, in particular moist air, in an apparatus V₁, comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) contacting the moist gas mixture G with an aqueous liquid         absorption medium A_(VE) comprising a mixture of at least one         trialkyl phosphate of structure (I):

-   -   -   and at least one salt S selected from the group consisting             of Q⁺A⁻, Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, (Q⁺)₂R²OPO₃ ²⁻, Q⁺M⁺R³OPO₃ ²⁻,         -   wherein A_(VE) at least partially absorbs water from the             moist gas mixture G, to afford an aqueous liquid absorption             medium A_(VE1) having an elevated water content compared to             A_(VE) and a gas mixture G₁ having a relatively low water             content compared to the moist gas mixture G,

    -   (b) partially removing water from A_(VE1) to obtain an aqueous         liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) having a relatively low water         content compared to A_(VE1),         -   wherein the apparatus V₁ at least partially comprises a             surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) and             in the apparatus V₁ at least one of A_(VE), A_(VE1), A_(VE2)             contacts the surface made of a steel material of             construction O_(st) via at least one contact surface,         -   characterized in that         -   Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which in particular the             alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 10             carbon atoms,         -   wherein A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of             R*COO⁻, R′SO³⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, R″SO₄ ⁻,         -   wherein R*, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹, R², R³ are each             independently of one another an alkyl group, in particular             having 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 8, more preferably 1 to 6,             yet more preferably 1 to 4, still more preferably 1 to 2,             carbon atoms         -   and wherein M⁺ is an alkali metal ion, preferably Li⁺, K⁺ or             Na⁺, yet more preferably K⁺ or Na⁺.

The moist gas mixture G employed in the process is not particularly restricted.

“Moist” is to be understood as meaning in the context of the invention “comprising water, in particular water vapour”.

“Aqueous” is to be understood as meaning that the particular solution (i.e. in the case of the aqueous liquid absorption media said absorption media) comprises water.

“Dehumidifying” is to be understood as meaning at least partially removing water.

“At least partially” is to be understood as meaning in the context of the invention “partially or completely”.

“Moist gas mixture G” is accordingly to be understood as meaning in the context of the invention that the gas mixture G comprises water, preferably water vapour (“water vapour” is to be understood as meaning water in the gaseous physical state), and that its composition is otherwise not particularly restricted. The water content of this moist gas mixture is not particularly restricted and is in particular from 0.01 vol %-99.99 vol % (“vol %” indicates the volume of water vapour based on the overall volume of moist gas mixture G). The composition of the moist gas G may otherwise vary depending on the application of the process according to the invention. The moist gas mixture G is in particular selected from moist natural gas, moist air (this may be moist indoor air or the moist air resulting from evaporation of water in absorption chillers), preferably moist air. For moist natural gas the water content is in particular from 0.01 vol % to 15.00 vol %, for moist air said content is in particular from 0.01 vol % to 15.00 vol % in the case of moist indoor air or in particular from 95.00 vol % to 99.99 vol % which is the preferred range when moist air resulting from evaporation of water in absorption chillers is concerned.

The process according to the invention is carried out in an apparatus V₁ which at least partially comprises a surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) (in the context of the invention O_(st) is short for “surface made of a steel material of construction”) and in which at least one of the aqueous liquid absorption media selected from the group consisting of A_(VE), A_(VE1), A_(VE2) contacts the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) via at least one contact surface.

In particular, an apparatus V₁ having the following components may be employed:

-   -   (i) at least one water absorption unit W_(abs1) set up for         contacting the moist gas mixture with the aqueous liquid         absorption medium A_(VE),     -   (ii) at least one water desorption unit W_(des1) which comprises         a heat exchanger W_(x1) and is set up for at least partially         removing water from an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE),     -   (iii) and a circuit U₁ which connects the water absorption unit         W_(abs1) with the water desorption unit W_(des1) and by means of         which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) may be         circulated.

The water absorption unit W_(abs1) is the component in which step a) of the process according to the invention in particular is carried out. Employable water absorption units W_(abs1) include in particular the water absorbers known to those skilled in the art. Said absorbers are based on the principle of increasing the surface area of the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) and simultaneously achieving the longest possible residence time of the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) in the water absorber during absorption of water. It is in particular possible here to employ water absorbers selected from the group of: packed beds, spray columns, falling-films, bubble columns, tray columns, wet scrubbers (for example Venturi scrubbers), stirred tanks and combinations of these absorbers. It is particularly preferable to employ falling-films, in particular shell and tube falling-films, as water absorbers. The water absorption unit W_(abs1) may in particular also comprise an additional heat exchanger W_(z1) set up such that the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) is coolable.

The water desorption unit W_(des1) which comprises a heat exchanger W_(x1) is the unit in which step b) of the process according to the invention in particular is carried out. The water desorption unit W_(des1) is based on the principle of supplying heat to the water-laden liquid absorption medium A_(VE)(in particular A_(VE1)), increasing the surface area of the water-laden liquid absorption medium A_(VE) (in particular A_(VE1)) and simultaneously achieving the longest possible residence time of the water-laden liquid absorption medium A_(VE) (in particular A_(VE1)) in the water desorption unit.

Employable water desorption units W_(des1) comprising a heat exchanger W_(x1) include in particular the combinations of heat exchanger and water desorber known to those skilled in the art, in particular horizontal tube evaporators having an upstream heat exchanger, in particular shell and tube heat exchangers, plate and frame heat exchangers. In addition the water desorption unit W_(des1) comprising a heat exchanger W_(x1) may also be a water desorber having an integrated heat exchanger. Such water desorbers having an integrated heat exchanger are in particular climbing film evaporators, long tube vertical evaporators, short tube vertical evaporators, forced circulation evaporators, agitated thin film evaporators. It is particularly preferable to employ falling-films, in particular shell and tube falling-films, as water desorption unit W_(des1).

Circuit U₁ in particular passes A_(VE1) from step a) of the process according to the invention from the water absorption unit W_(abs1) to the water desorption unit W_(des1) and more preferably—in particular when the process according to the invention is carried out in continuous fashion—additionally passes A_(VE2) from step b) of the process according to the invention from the water absorption unit W_(des1) to the water desorption unit W_(abs1).

The circuit U₁ is in particular a conduit, in particular selected from the group consisting of tube, hose.

In a further preferred embodiment the circuit U₁ also comprises a pump.

A first step of the process according to the invention comprises contacting the moist gas mixture G with an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) comprising a mixture of at least one trialkyl phosphate of structure (I):

and at least one salt S selected from the group consisting of Q⁺A⁻, Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, (Q⁺)₂R²OPO₃ ²⁻, Q⁺M⁺R³OPO₃ ²⁻. The contacting may be effected in any way known to those skilled in the art, in particular in a water absorption unit W_(abs1). The contacting causes the absorption medium A_(VE) to at least partially absorb moisture, i.e. water, from the moist gas stream G to afford an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) having an elevated water content compared to the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) and a gas mixture G₁ having a relatively low water content compared to the moist gas mixture G.

It is preferable to cool the absorption medium A_(VE) during contacting of the moist gas mixture G in order that as much moisture as possible is absorbed from the moist gas mixture G. This may be achieved, for example, via an additional heat exchanger W_(z)j in the water absorption unit W_(abs1). The temperature of the absorption medium A_(VE) during contacting of the moist gas mixture G is thus preferably in the range from 2° C. to 100° C., preferably 3° C. to 80° C., more preferably 4° C. to 50° C., yet more preferably 5° C. to 30° C.

The absorption medium A_(VE) comprises water and a mixture of at least one trialkyl phosphate of structure (I):

and at least one salt S selected from the group consisting of Q⁺A⁻, Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, (Q⁺)₂R²OPO₃ ²⁻, Q⁺M+R³OPO₃ ²⁻, wherein Q⁺ is a 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cation in which in particular the alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of R*COO⁻, R′SO³⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, R″SO₄ ⁻, wherein R*, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹, R², R³ are each independently of one another an alkyl group, in particular having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein M⁺ is an alkali metal ion, preferably Li⁺, K⁺ or Na⁺, yet more preferably K⁺ or Na⁺.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention the salt S is selected from the group consisting of Q⁺A⁻, Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, and Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which the alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 6, preferably 1 or 4, more preferably 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of R*COO⁻, R′SO₃ ⁻, R″SO₄ ⁻, wherein R*, R¹, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are each independently of one another an alkyl group having 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 or 2, carbon atoms.

In a more preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the salt S has the general formula Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, and Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which the alkyl groups are each independently of one another methyl or ethyl, and R¹, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are each independently of one another methyl or ethyl.

In a yet more preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the salt S has the general formula Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, and Q⁺ is selected from the group consisting of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,3-diethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium; R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹ is methyl or ethyl.

It is moreover particularly preferable in all of the aforementioned embodiments of the process according to the invention when R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are independently of one another selected from methyl, ethyl; yet more preferably R^(A)=R^(B)=R^(C)=methyl or R^(A)=R^(B)=R^(C)=ethyl; particularly preferably R^(A)=R^(B)=R^(C)=ethyl.

This is because it has been found that, surprisingly, imidazolium salts having at least one ethyl group have a particularly small contact angle and thus ensure particularly good surface wetting. This results in a relatively large contact area, thus also in fewer nonwetted spaces and thus in improved heat transfer inside the apparatus V₁ and thus also in a particularly efficient process.

The liquid absorption medium A_(VE) is aqueous, i.e. it comprises water and is thus an aqueous solution.

In particular, in the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) and all salts S is in the range from 65 wt % to 95 wt % based on the total weight of the aqueous solution. Yet more preferably the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) and all salts S in A_(VE) is in the range from 70 wt % to 90 wt % based on the total weight of the aqueous solution, yet more preferably in the range from 75 wt % to 87 wt %.

In the process according to the invention the ratio of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) to the salts S in the absorption medium A_(VE) is not further restricted. However, it is preferable to employ in the process according to the invention an absorption medium A_(VE) in which the ratio of the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) to the total weight of all salts S is in the range 1:9999 to 1:9, more preferably 1:9999 to 1:99, yet more preferably 1:9999 to 1:999.

The gas mixture G₁ obtained in the first step of the process according to the invention and having a relatively low water content compared to the moist gas mixture G then represents the dehumidified gas stream which, depending on the application, can be returned to living or working spaces in the form of dehumidified air or in the case of natural gas can be supplied to power generation.

The aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) obtained in the first step of the process according to the invention has an elevated water content compared to the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE). It will be appreciated that in terms of the trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) comprised by it and the salts S comprised by it, A_(VE1) is identical to A_(VE) and is preferably distinguished therefrom only by its water content.

The second step of the process according to the invention then comprises partially removing water from the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) to obtain an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) having a relatively low water content compared to the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1).

This in particular comprises additionally supplying heat to the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1). The supply of heat and the at least partial removal may be effected in any way known to those skilled in the art, in particular in a water desorption unit W_(des1) comprising a heat exchanger W_(x1). The partial removal of water from the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) affords an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) having a relatively low water content compared to the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1).

It will be appreciated that in terms of the trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) comprised by it and the salts S comprised by it the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) is identical to A_(VE1) and is preferably distinguished therefrom only by its water content.

It is an essential feature of the process according to the invention that the apparatus V₁ at least partially comprises a surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) (in the context of the invention O_(st) is short for “surface made of a steel material of construction”).

A “steel material of construction” in the context of the present invention is to be understood as meaning in particular any iron alloy where the mass fraction of iron is greater than the mass fraction of every other element present. The proportion of iron in the steel material of construction is preferably >50 wt %, more preferably ≥60 wt %, yet more preferably ≥70 wt %, yet more preferably ≥80 wt %, yet more preferably ≥99 wt %.

In accordance with the invention in addition to iron the steel material of construction comprises in particular at least one alloying metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, silicon, zinc, lead, copper, titanium, more preferably selected from the group consisting of nickel, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, titanium, particularly chromium, wherein this yet more preferably has a mass fraction in the steel material of construction greater than 10.5 wt % but smaller than 50 wt %.

It is yet more preferable when at the same time the carbon content in the steel material of construction is then always <2.06 wt %, yet more preferably ≤1.2 wt %.

It will be appreciated that the sum of the contents of iron, alloying metal (for example chromium) and carbon in the steel material of construction must not exceed 100 wt %.

The steel material of construction may in particular be in the form of a wrought alloy or of a cast alloy.

It is a further essential feature of the process according to the invention that in the apparatus V₁ at least one of the aqueous liquid absorption media selected from the group consisting of A_(VE), A_(VE1), A_(VE2) contacts the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) via at least one contact surface. This means that the particular aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE), A_(VE1) or A_(VE2) is in direct contact with the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) at this contact surface. In the context of the present invention “in direct contact” is to be understood as meaning in particular “wetting”. It will be appreciated that the aqueous liquid absorption medium selected from the group consisting of A_(VE), A_(VE1), A_(VE2) and the steel material of construction comprised in the contact surface are thus in direct contact. This is because it has been found that, surprisingly, the contact angle of the absorption media according to the invention are particularly small and thus ensure particularly good heat transfer in the case where said media are aqueous.

In the embodiment according to the invention in which an apparatus V₁ is employed and comprises the following components:

-   -   (i) at least one water absorption unit W_(abs1) set up for         contacting the moist gas mixture with the aqueous liquid         absorption medium A_(VE),     -   (ii) at least one water desorption unit W_(des1) which comprises         a heat exchanger W_(x1) and is set up for at least partially         removing water from an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE),     -   (iii) and a circuit U₁ which connects the water absorption unit         W_(abs1) with the water desorption unit W_(des1) and by means of         which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) may be         circulated,     -   the contact surface at which the aqueous liquid absorption         medium selected from the group consisting of A_(VE), A_(VE1),         A_(VE2) contacts the surface made of a steel material of         construction O_(st) is disposed in particular in at least one of         the components selected from the group water absorption unit         W_(abs1), water desorption unit W_(des1), circuit U₁, preferably         in at least one of the components selected from the group water         absorption unit W_(abs1), water desorption unit W_(des1).

This is because it has been found that, surprisingly, the mixtures of at least one trialkyl phosphate of structure (I) and at least one salt S according to the invention show particularly good wetting of steel materials of construction, thus ensure particularly good heat transfer and are thus particularly suitable as absorption media in the apparatus V₁ having a surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) in which one of the aqueous liquid absorption media selected from the group consisting of A_(VE), A_(VE1), A_(VE2) is in direct contact with the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st).

In a further preferred embodiment the process according to the invention is carried out in continuous fashion. This is to be understood as meaning in particular that following step b) the steps a) and b) are performed at least one more time and that the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) employed in the steps a) additionally performed in each case is at least partially the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) obtained from the step b) performed immediately beforehand, i.e. in particular the water content of the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) employed in the step a) additionally performed in each case and of the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) from the immediately preceding step b) is identical.

It is yet more preferable when this embodiment comprises heating aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) with heat from aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2). This may be carried out in an additional heat exchanger W_(y1), in particular selected from the group consisting of shell and tube heat exchangers and plate and frame heat exchangers. This makes it possible to carry out the process according to the invention in a particularly energy efficient fashion.

The invention also relates in a further aspect to an apparatus V₂ for dehumidifying a moist gas mixture, in particular moist air, comprising the components

-   -   (i) an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) which comprises a         mixture of at least one trialkyl phosphate of structure (I):

-   -   -   and at least one salt S selected from the group consisting             of Q⁺A⁻, Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, (Q⁺)₂R²OPO₃ ²⁻, Q⁺M⁺R³OPO₃ ²⁻,

    -   (ii) at least one water absorption unit W_(abs2) set up for         contacting the moist gas mixture with the aqueous liquid         absorption medium A_(VO),

    -   (iii) at least one water desorption unit W_(des2) which         comprises a heat exchanger W_(x2) and is set up for at least         partially removing water from an aqueous liquid absorption         medium A_(VO),

    -   (iv) and a circuit U₂ which connects the water absorption unit         W_(abs2) with the water desorption unit W_(des2) and by means of         which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) may be         circulated,

    -   wherein at least one of the components water absorption unit         W_(abs2), water desorption unit W_(des2), circuit U₂ at least         partially comprises a surface made of a steel material of         construction O_(st), and

    -   wherein disposed in the apparatus V₂ is at least one contact         surface at which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO)         contacts the surface made of a steel material of construction         O_(st), characterized in that

    -   Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which in particular the         alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 10         carbon atoms,

    -   wherein A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of         R*COO⁻, R′SO³⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, R″SO₄ ⁻,

    -   wherein R*, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹, R², R³ are each         independently of one another an alkyl group, in particular         having 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 8, more preferably 1 to 6, yet         more preferably 1 to 4, still more preferably 1 to 2, carbon         atoms

    -   and wherein M⁺ is an alkali metal ion, preferably Li⁺, K⁺ or         Na⁺, yet more preferably K⁺ or Na⁺.

The apparatus V₂ according to the invention is suitable for dehumidifying a moist gas mixture, in particular moist air. Said apparatus comprises the following components:

As the first component, the apparatus V₂ according to the invention comprises an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO), which comprises a mixture of at least one trialkyl phosphate of structure (I):

and at least one salt S selected from the group consisting of Q⁺A⁻, Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, (Q⁺)₂R²OPO₃ ²⁻, Q⁺M⁺R³OPO₃ ²⁻, wherein Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which in particular the alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of R*COO⁻, R′SO³⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, R″SO₄ ⁻, wherein R*, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹, R², R³ are each independently of one another an alkyl group, in particular having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein M⁺ is an alkali metal ion, preferably Li⁺, K⁺ or Na⁺, yet more preferably K⁺ or Na⁺.

In a preferred embodiment of the apparatus V₂ according to the invention in the absorption medium A_(VO) the salt S is selected from the group consisting of Q⁺A⁻, Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, and Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which the alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 6, preferably 1 or 4, more preferably 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of R*COO⁻, R′SO³⁻, R″SO₄ ⁻, wherein R*, R¹, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are each independently of one another an alkyl group having 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 or 2, carbon atoms.

In a more preferred embodiment of the apparatus V₂ according to the invention in the absorption medium A_(VO) the salt S has the general formula Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, and Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which the alkyl groups are each independently of one another methyl or ethyl, and R¹, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are each independently of one another methyl or ethyl.

In a yet more preferred embodiment of the apparatus V₂ according to the invention in the absorption medium A_(VO) the salt S has the general formula Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, and Q⁺ is selected from the group consisting of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,3-diethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium; R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹ is methyl or ethyl.

It is moreover particularly preferable in all of the aforementioned embodiments of the apparatus V₂ according to the invention when in the absorption medium A_(VO) R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are independently of one another selected from methyl, ethyl; yet more preferably R^(A)=R^(B)=R^(C)=methyl or R^(A)=R^(B)=R^(C)=ethyl; particularly preferably R^(A)=R^(B)=R^(C)=ethyl.

This is because it has been found that, surprisingly, imidazolium salts where R=ethyl group have a particularly small contact angle and thus ensure particularly good surface wetting. This results in a relatively large contact area, thus also in fewer nonwetted spaces and thus in improved heat transfer inside the apparatus V₂.

The liquid absorption medium A_(VO) is aqueous, i.e. it comprises water and is thus an aqueous solution.

In particular, in the apparatus V₂ according to the invention in the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) and all salts S is in the range from 65 wt % to 95 wt % based on the total weight of the aqueous solution. Yet more preferably the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) and all salts S in A_(VO) is in the range 70 wt % to 90 wt % based on the total weight of the aqueous solution, yet more preferably in the range 75 wt % to 87 wt %.

In the apparatus V₂ according to the invention the ratio of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) to the salts S in the absorption medium A_(VO) is not further restricted. However, it is preferable to employ in the apparatus V₂ according to the invention an absorption medium A_(VO) in which the ratio of the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) to the total weight of all salts S is in the range 1:9999 to 1:9, more preferably 1:9999 to 1:99, yet more preferably 1:9999 to 1:999.

As a second component the apparatus V₂ according to the invention comprises a water absorption unit W_(abs2) set up for contacting the moist gas mixture with the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO). The water absorption unit W_(abs2) may in particular comprise an additional heat exchanger W_(z2) set up such that the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) is coolable. Employable water absorption units W_(abs2) of this kind include in particular the water absorbers known to those skilled in the art. Said absorbers are based on the principle of increasing the surface area of the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) and simultaneously achieving the longest possible residence time of the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) in the water absorber during absorption of water. It is in particular possible here to employ water absorbers selected from the group of: packed beds, spray columns, falling-films, bubble columns, tray columns, wet scrubbers (for example Venturi scrubbers), stirred tanks and combinations of these absorbers. It is particularly preferable to employ falling-films, in particular shell and tube falling-films, as water absorbers.

As a third component the apparatus V₂ according to the invention comprises a water desorption unit W_(des2) which comprises a heat exchanger W_(x2) and is set up for at least partially removing water from the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO). Particularly the combinations of heat exchanger and water desorber known to those skilled in the art may be employed therefor. The water desorption unit W_(des2) is based on the principle of supplying heat to the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO), increasing the surface area of the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) and simultaneously achieving the longest possible residence time of the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) in the water desorption unit.

Employable water desorption units W_(des2) comprising a heat exchanger W_(x2) include in particular the combinations of heat exchanger and water desorber known to those skilled in the art, in particular horizontal tube evaporators having an upstream heat exchanger, in particular shell and tube heat exchangers, plate and frame heat exchangers. In addition the water desorption unit W_(des2) comprising a heat exchanger W_(x2) may also be a water desorber having an integrated heat exchanger. Such water desorbers having an integrated heat exchanger are in particular climbing film evaporators, long tube vertical evaporators, short tube vertical evaporators, forced circulation evaporators, agitated thin film evaporators. It is particularly preferable to employ as water desorption unit W_(des2) falling-films, in particular shell and tube falling-films.

As a fourth component the apparatus V₂ according to the invention comprises a circuit U₂ which connects the water absorption unit W_(abs2) with the water desorption unit W_(des2) and by means of which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) may be circulated. The circuit U₂ is preferably a conduit, yet more preferably selected from the group consisting of tube, hose. In a further preferred embodiment the circuit U₂ also comprises a pump.

It is an essential feature of the apparatus V₂ according to the invention that said apparatus at least partially comprises a surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) (in the context of the invention O_(st) is short for “surface made of a steel material of construction”).

It is a further essential feature of the apparatus V₂ according to the invention that disposed in said apparatus is a contact surface at which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) contacts the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st). This is to be understood as meaning that at this contact surface the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) is in direct contact with the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st). In the context of the present invention “in direct contact” is to be understood as meaning in particular “wetting”. It will be appreciated that the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) and the steel material of construction comprised in the contact surface are thus in direct contact.

In a preferred embodiment the apparatus V₂ comprises a further heat exchanger W_(y2) (additional to the heat exchanger W_(x2) comprised in the water desorption unit W_(des2)). The heat exchanger W_(y2) is set up such that aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) sent from the water absorption unit W_(abs2) to the water desorption unit W_(des2) is suppliable with heat from aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO), said medium being conducted away from the water desorption unit W_(des2). This can be ensured in particular by employing as heat exchanger W_(y2) in particular a heat exchanger selected from shell and tube heat exchangers, plate and frame heat exchangers.

In a further preferred embodiment the apparatus V₂ is part of an absorption heat pump. This absorption heat pump then comprises as further components a condenser, an evaporator and a coolant, wherein the coolant is water.

The condenser is in particular connected to the water desorption unit W_(des2) via a conduit and is set up for condensing water at least partially removed from the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) in the water desorption unit W_(des2). The condenser preferably also comprises a cooling water circuit.

The evaporator is in particular connected to the condenser via a conduit (which may comprise a throttling means) and connected to the water absorption unit W_(abs2) via a further conduit and is set up for evaporating condensed water from the condenser. The evaporator preferably also comprises a pressure of <1 bar, more preferably <0.1 bar, to permit evaporation of the condensed water at the lowest possible temperatures. The evaporator may further preferably additionally comprise an apparatus from which heat may be drawn and so that the condensed water may be evaporated (for example a coolant conduit in which coolant is passed into the space in which water is evaporated).

The FIGS. 1 and 2 elucidated hereinbelow show preferred embodiments of the process according to the invention and the apparatus according to the invention.

FIG. 1 (abbreviated to “FIG. 1”) shows an embodiment of the apparatus V₂/V₁ according to the invention.

The apparatus V₂ shown in FIG. 1 comprises a water absorption unit W_(abs2) <103> (with optional additional heat exchanger W_(z2) <104>) to which a conduit <101> leads and from which a conduit <102> leads away, a water desorption unit W_(des2) which comprises a heat exchanger W_(x2) <108> and a water desorber <109> and to which conduit <111> leads and from which conduits <110>, <112> and <113> lead away, and a circuit U₂ formed from conduits <106>, <111> and <113> or <106>, <111>, <112> and <105> (in each case optionally with conduit <114>). The apparatus in FIG. 1 may also optionally comprise a further heat exchanger W_(y2) <107> to which conduits <106> and <112> lead and from which conduits <105> and <111> lead away. In addition the apparatus V₂ also comprises an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO). Said medium is disposed in one or more of the abovementioned components water absorption unit W_(abs2), water desorption unit W_(des2), circuit U₂. Water absorption unit W_(abs2) <103> may optionally also comprise an additional heat exchanger W_(z2) <104>. Apparatus V₂, in particular at least one of the components selected from the group consisting of water absorption unit W_(abs2), water desorption unit W_(des2), circuit U₂, at least partially comprises a surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) and there is at least one contact surface at which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) contacts the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st). Optionally, circuit U₂ may also additionally comprise a pump for conveying the aqueous liquid absorption medium.

Apparatus V₁ corresponds to apparatus V₂ without absorption medium A_(VO), wherein in the figure description for FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 the terms U₂, W_(abs2), W_(des2), W_(x2), W_(y2), W_(z2) are to be replaced by U₁, W_(abs1), W_(des1), W_(x1), W_(y1) and W_(z1) respectively.

The process according to the invention will now be illustratively described with reference to apparatus V₁ using FIG. 1:

A stream of moist gas mixture G (said stream may for example be moist air, moist natural gas or moist gas mixture originating from the evaporator of an absorption chiller—see also FIG. 2 with regard to this option) is supplied via conduit <101> to a water absorption unit W_(abs1) <103> and contacted there with the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) supplied to the water absorption unit W_(abs1) <103> via the conduit <105> or via the conduit <113>. The water absorption unit W_(abs1) <103> may be any of the water absorbers recited hereinabove for W_(abs1), in particular a falling-film. Contacting, in the water absorption unit W_(abs1) <103>, gas mixture G supplied via conduit <101> with the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) supplied via the conduit <105> or via the conduit <113> affords an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) having an elevated water content compared to the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) and a stream of a gas mixture G₁ discharged via the conduit <102>, G₁ having a relatively low water content compared to the moist gas mixture G. Depending on the application G₁ is in particular dehumidified air or dehumidified natural gas. The water absorption unit W_(abs1) <103> may optionally also comprise an additional heat exchanger W_(z1) <104>. Preferably via the conduits <106>, <111> and the heat exchanger W_(y1) <107> (or, when heat exchanger W_(y1) <107> is not employed, via conduits <106>, <111> and <114>) the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) is then passed to the water desorption unit W_(des1) composed of the heat exchanger W_(x1) <108> and the water desorber <109>. The water-laden liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) may additionally be supplied with heat in the optional heat exchanger W_(y1) <107>. The at least partial removal of water from aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) is then carried out in the water desorber <109> to afford an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) having a relatively low water content compared to the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1). The water removed is then discharged from the water desorber <109> as liquid or vapour, preferably as vapour, via a conduit <110>. The aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) is then discharged from the water desorber <109> and returned to the water absorption unit W_(abs1) <103>. This may either be carried out directly, i.e. via the conduit <113> which is shown in dashed form in FIG. 1. Alternatively and preferably the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) may also be supplied via the conduit <112> to the optional heat exchanger W_(y1) <107> in which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) supplied via conduit <106> to the optional heat exchanger W_(y1) <107> is then supplied with heat from the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) supplied via conduit <112> to the optional heat exchanger W_(y1) <107>. Once the concentrated aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) has been supplied to the water absorption unit W_(abs1) via conduit <105> or <113> said medium is reused as A_(VE) for at least partially dehumidifying the gas stream in a new cycle. It is essential to the invention that in this process the apparatus according to FIG. 1, preferably at least one of the components selected from the group consisting of water absorption unit W_(abs1) <103> (in FIG. 1 said unit comprises the heat exchanger <104>), water desorption unit W_(des1) (in FIG. 1 said unit comprises the heat exchanger <108>), circuit U₁ (composed in FIG. 1 of the conduits <106>, <111>, <113>, or <106>, <111>, <112>, <105>, and in each case optionally also conduit <114>) at least partially comprises a surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) and that disposed in the apparatus is at least one contact surface at which at least one of the aqueous liquid absorption media A_(VE1), A_(VE), A_(VE2) contacts the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st).

FIG. 2 (abbreviated as “FIG. 2”) shows in schematic fashion an absorption chiller into which an apparatus V₂ is integrated. The constituents <101> to <114> are shown as for the apparatus V₂ described in FIG. 1. Additionally, the absorption chiller in FIG. 2 also comprises a condenser <211> which is connected to the water desorption unit W_(des2) <109> via the conduit <110> and is set up for condensing water at least partially removed from the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) in the water desorption unit W_(des2). Condenser <211> preferably also comprises a heat exchanger <212> with which cooling water may be supplied.

The absorption chiller shown in FIG. 2 also comprises an evaporator <214> connected to the condenser <211> via a conduit <216> (which may optionally comprise a throttling means <213>) and connected via the conduit <101> with the water absorption unit W_(abs2). The evaporator <214> is set up to evaporate condensed water from the condenser. Additionally, the evaporator <214> can further preferably also comprise a heat exchanger <215> which supplies a medium, heat being drawn off from the medium to thus evaporate the condensed water (for example a coolant conduit with, in particular, water as coolant, this coolant being passed into the evaporator <214>).

In an embodiment of the process according to the invention (described hereinbelow with reference to apparatus V₁ using FIG. 2) moist gas mixture G originating from evaporator <214> is passed via the conduit <101> to the water absorption unit W_(abs1) <103>. The water removed in water desorption unit W_(des1) is supplied via the conduit <110> to the condenser <211> in which said water is recondensed. A cooling water circuit as heat exchanger <212> installed in the condenser is optionally likewise used therefor. The condensed water is then supplied via a conduit <216> to the evaporator <214> in which the evaporation of water is effected in particular at low pressures, thus bringing about a cooling effect. This may optionally also be effected using a throttling means <213>. This achieves a cooling action in the evaporator <214> and, for example, coolant may be cooled via the heat exchanger <215>. The water vapour generated is then returned to the water absorption unit W_(abs1) <103> via conduit <101>.

The examples which follow are intended to elucidate the present invention without limiting said invention in any way.

EXAMPLES

Inventive examples I1 to I3 and comparative example C1 were carried out.

1. Chemicals Used

EMIM DEP (=ethylmethylimidazolium diethyl phosphate) was obtained from lolitec.

TEP (=triethyl phosphate) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich.

2. Experimental Procedure

3 drops of the respective solution were dropped onto a steel plate (steel, purity >99.0%) having dimensions of 3 cm×7 cm and a maximum thickness of 3 mm. The contact angle determination was carried out according to SOP 1827. The results are shown in the table which follows.

C1 is the comparative test with a mixture of EMIM DEP and 10 wt % of water, while in the examples I1, I2 and I3 mixtures of EMIM DEP, 10 wt % of water and 10 wt %, 1 wt % and 0.1 wt % of TEP respectively (the wt % values are always based on the total weight of the mixture) were analyzed.

3. Results

Contact Experi- angle ment solution employed (°) C1 90 wt % of EMIM DEP + 10 wt % of water 52.9 I1 80 wt % of EMIM DEP + 10 wt % of water + 10 wt % 36 of TEP I2 89 wt % of EMIM DEP + 10 wt % of water + 1 wt % 37.2 of TEP I3 89.9 wt % of EMIM DEP + 10 wt % of water + 0.1 47.5 wt % of TEP

The results show that the inventive absorption media (I1-I3), which comprise a trialkyl phosphate (in this case triethyl phosphate), exhibit a small contact angle to the steel-containing surface compared to those of the prior art (C1). This results in improved surface wetting and thus in greater and more efficient heat exchange in the process according to the invention and the apparatus according to the invention.

All references cited herein are fully incorporated by reference. Having now fully described the invention, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that the invention may be practiced within a wide and equivalent range of conditions, parameters and the like, without affecting the spirit or scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for dehumidifying a moist gas mixture G, in an apparatus (V₁), comprising: (a) contacting the moist gas mixture G with an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) comprising a mixture of at least one trialkyl phosphate of structure (I):

and at least one salt S selected from the group consisting of Q⁺A⁻, Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, (Q⁺)₂R²OPO₃ ²⁻, and Q⁺M⁺R³OPO₃ ²⁻, wherein A_(VE) at least partially absorbs water from the moist gas mixture G, to afford an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) having an elevated water content compared to A_(VE) and a gas mixture G₁ having a relatively low water content compared to the moist gas mixture G; (b) partially removing water from A_(VE1) to obtain an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) having a relatively low water content compared to the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1); wherein the apparatus (V₁) at least partially comprises a surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) and, in the apparatus (V₁), at least one of the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE), the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE1) and the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE2) contacts the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st) via at least one contact surface; wherein: Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation, A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of R*COO⁻, R′SO³⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, R″SO₄ ⁻, R*, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹, R², R³ are each independently of one another an alkyl group, and wherein M⁺ is an alkali metal ion.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the gas mixture G is moist air.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein: a) Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which the alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 10 carbon atoms; b) R*, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹, R², R³ are each independently of one another an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; and c) M⁺=Li⁺, K⁺ or Na⁺.
 4. The process of claim 1, wherein: a) salt S is selected from the group consisting of: Q⁺A⁻ and Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻; b) Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which the alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and c) A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of R*COO⁻, R′SO₃ ⁻, and R″SO₄ ⁻, and d) R*, R¹, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are each independently of one another an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
 5. The process of claim 1, wherein R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are independently of one another selected from the group consisting of: methyl and ethyl.
 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) is an aqueous solution, and the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) and all salts S is in the range 65 wt % to 95 wt % based on the total weight of the aqueous solution.
 7. The process of claim 1, wherein, in the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE), the ratio of the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) to the total weight of all salts S is in the range 1:9999 to 1:9.
 8. The process of claim 3, wherein R^(A), R^(B), and R^(C) are independently of one another selected from the group consisting of: methyl and ethyl.
 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE) is an aqueous solution, and the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) and all salts S is in the range 65 wt % to 95 wt % based on the total weight of the aqueous solution.
 10. The process of claim 9, wherein, in the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VE), the ratio of the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) to the total weight of all salts S is in the range 1:9999 to 1:9.
 11. An apparatus, (V₂), for dehumidifying a moist gas mixture, comprising the components: (i) an aqueous liquid absorption medium, A_(VO), which comprises a mixture of at least one trialkyl phosphate of structure (I):

and at least one salt, S, selected from the group consisting of: Q⁺A⁻, Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻, (Q⁺)₂R²OPO₃ ²⁻, and Q⁺M⁺R³OPO₃ ²⁻; (ii) at least one water absorption unit, (W_(abs2)), set up for contacting the moist gas mixture with the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO); (iii) at least one water desorption unit, (W_(des2)), which comprises a heat exchanger, (W_(x2)), and is set up for at least partially removing water from an aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO); and (iv) a circuit, (U₂), which connects the water absorption unit (W_(abs2)) with the water desorption unit (W_(des2)) and by means of which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) may be circulated, wherein at least one of the components selected from the group consisting of: the water absorption unit (W_(abs2)); the water desorption unit (W_(des2)); and the circuit (U₂), at least partially comprises a surface made of a steel material of construction O_(ST); wherein, disposed in the apparatus (V₂), is at least one contact surface at which the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) contacts the surface made of a steel material of construction O_(st); and wherein: Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation; A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of R*COO⁻, R′SO³⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, R″SO₄ ⁻; R*, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹, R², R³ are each independently of one another an alkyl group; and M⁺ is an alkali metal ion.
 12. The apparatus (V₂) of claim 11, wherein: a) Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which the alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 10 carbon atoms; b) R*, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R¹, R², R³ are each independently of one another an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; and c) M⁺=Li⁺, K⁺ or Na⁺.
 13. The apparatus (V₂) of claim 11, wherein: a) salt S is selected from the group consisting of: Q⁺A⁻, and Q⁺(R¹O)₂PO₂ ⁻; b) Q⁺ is a dialkylimidazolium cation in which the alkyl groups each independently of one another have 1 to 6 carbon atoms; c) A⁻ is an anion selected from the group consisting of R*COO⁻, RSO₃ ⁻, and R″SO₄ ⁻, and d) R*, R¹, R′, R″, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are each independently of one another an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
 14. The apparatus (V₂) of claim 11, wherein R^(A), R^(B) and R^(C) are independently of one another selected from the group consisting of: methyl and ethyl.
 15. The apparatus (V₂) of claim 11, wherein the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) is an aqueous solution, and, the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) and all salts S is in the range 65 wt % to 95 wt % based on the total weight of the aqueous solution.
 16. The apparatus (V₂) of 11, wherein, in the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO), the ratio of the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) to the total weight of all salts S is in the range 1:9999 to 1:9.
 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) are independently of one another selected from the group consisting of: methyl and ethyl.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) is an aqueous solution, and, the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) and all salts S is in the range 65 wt % to 95 wt % based on the total weight of the aqueous solution.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein, in the aqueous liquid absorption medium A_(VO) the ratio of the total weight of all trialkyl phosphates of structure (I) to the total weight of all salts S is in the range 1:9999 to 1:9.
 20. An absorption heat pump, comprising the apparatus (V₂) of claim 11 and further comprising a condenser, an evaporator and a coolant, wherein the coolant is water. 